Category: Publications
Adaptive LiDAR Sampling and Depth Completion using Ensemble Variance
Accepted to IEEE Trans. Image Processing, 2021.
Eyal Gofer, Shachar Praisler, Guy Gilboa, arXiv
Abstract
This work considers the problem of depth completion, with or without image data, where an algorithm may measure the depth of a prescribed limited number of pixels. The algorithmic challenge is to choose pixel positions strategically and dynamically to maximally reduce overall depth estimation error. This setting is realized in daytime or nighttime depth completion for autonomous vehicles with a programmable LiDAR. Our method uses an ensemble of predictors to define a sampling probability over pixels. This probability is proportional to the variance of the predictions of ensemble members, thus highlighting pixels that are difficult to predict. By additionally proceeding in several prediction phases, we effectively reduce redundant sampling of similar pixels. Our ensemble-based method may be implemented using any depth-completion learning algorithm, such as a state-of-the-art neural network, treated as a black box. In particular, we also present a simple and effective Random Forest-based algorithm, and similarly use its internal ensemble in our design. We conduct experiments on the KITTI dataset, using the neural network algorithm of Ma et al. and our Random Forest based learner for implementing our method. The accuracy of both implementations exceeds the state of the art. Compared with a random or grid sampling pattern, our method allows a reduction by a factor of 4-10 in the number of measurements required to attain the same accuracy.
Examining the Limitations of Dynamic Mode Decomposition through Koopman Theory Analysis
Ido Cohen, Guy Gilboa, arXiv preprint 2107.07456, 2021
Abstract
This work binds the existence of Koopman Eigenfunctions (KEF’s), the geometric of the dynamics, and the validity of Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) to one coherent theory. Viewing the dynamic as a curve in the state-space allows us to formulate an existence condition of KEF’s and their multiplicities. These conditions lay the foundations for system reconstruction, global controllability, and observability for nonlinear dynamics.
DMD can be interpreted as a finite dimension approximation of Koopman Mode Decomposition (KMD). However, this method is limited to the case when KEF’s are linear combinations of the observations. We examine the limitations of DMD through the analysis of Koopman theory. We propose a new mode decomposition technique based on the typical time profile of the dynamics. An overcomplete dictionary of decay profiles is used to sparsely represent the dynamic. This analysis is also valid in the full continuous setting of Koopman theory, which is based on variational calculus.
We demonstrate applications of this analysis, such as finding KEF’s and their multiplicities, calculating KMD, dynamics reconstruction, global linearization, and controllability.
Total-Variation Mode Decomposition
Ido Cohen, Tom Berkov, Guy Gilboa, “Total-Variation Mode Decomposition”, Proc. SSVM 2021, pp. 52-64
Abstract
In this work we analyze the Total Variation (TV) flow applied to one dimensional signals. We formulate a relation between Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD), a dimensionality reduction method based on the Koopman operator, and the spectral TV decomposition. DMD is adapted by time rescaling to fit linearly decaying processes, such as the TV flow. For the flow with finite subgradient transitions, a closed form solution of the rescaled DMD is formulated. In addition, a solution to the TV-flow is presented, which relies only on the initial condition and its corresponding subgradient. A very fast numerical algorithm is obtained which solves the entire flow by elementary subgradient updates.
Bibtex Citation
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-030-75549-2_5,
author="Cohen, Ido
and Berkov, Tom
and Gilboa, Guy",
editor="Elmoataz, Abderrahim
and Fadili, Jalal
and Qu{\'e}au, Yvain
and Rabin, Julien
and Simon, Lo{\"i}c",
title="Total-Variation Mode Decomposition",
booktitle="Scale Space and Variational Methods in Computer Vision",
year="2021",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="52--64",
}
Nonlinear Spectral Processing of Shapes via Zero-homogeneous Flows
Abstract
In this work we extend the spectral total-variation framework, and use it to analyze and process 2D manifolds embedded in 3D. Analysis is performed in the embedding space – thus “spectral arithmetics” manipulate the shape directly. This makes our approach highly versatile and accurate for feature control. We propose three such methods, based on non-Euclidean zero-homogeneous p-Laplace operators. Each method satisfies distinct characteristics, demonstrated through smoothing, enhancing and exaggerating filters.
Cite
Brokman J., Gilboa G. (2021) Nonlinear Spectral Processing of Shapes via Zero-Homogeneous Flows. In: Elmoataz A., Fadili J., Quéau Y., Rabin J., Simon L. (eds) Scale Space and Variational Methods in Computer Vision. SSVM 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 12679. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75549-2_4
Nonlinear Power Method for Computing Eigenvectors of Proximal Operators and Neural Networks
Accepted to SIAM J. on Imaging Scienes, 2021
Leon Bungert, Ester Hait-Fraenkel , Nicolas Papadakis and Guy Gilboa, arXiv
Neural networks have revolutionized the field of data science, yielding remarkable solutions in a data-driven manner. For instance, in the field of mathematical imaging, they have surpassed traditional methods based on convex regularization. However, a fundamental theory supporting the practical applications is still in the early stages of development. We take a fresh look at neural networks and examine them via nonlinear eigenvalue analysis. The field of nonlinear spectral theory is still emerging, providing insights about nonlinear operators and systems. In this paper we view a neural network as a complex nonlinear operator and attempt to find its nonlinear eigenvectors. We first discuss the existence of such eigenvectors and analyze the kernel of $\relu$ networks. Then we study a nonlinear power method for generic nonlinear operators. For proximal operators associated to absolutely one-homogeneous convex regularization functionals, we can prove convergence of the method to an eigenvector of the proximal operator. This motivates us to apply a nonlinear method to networks which are trained to act similarly as a proximal operator. In order to take the non-homogeneity of neural networks into account we define a modified version of the power method.
We perform extensive experiments on various shallow and deep neural networks designed for image denoising. For simple nets, we observe the influence of training data on the eigenvectors. For state-of-the-art denoising networks, we show that eigenvectors can be interpreted as (un)stable modes of the network, when contaminated with noise or other degradations.
Modes of Homogeneous Gradient Flows
Accepted to SIAM J. on Imaging Sciences, 2021
Ido Cohen, Omri Azencot, Pavel Lifshitz, Guy Gilboa, arXiv, July 2020
Finding latent structures in data is drawing increasing attention in broad and diverse fields such as fluid dynamics, signal processing, and machine learning. In this work, we formulate Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) for two types of dynamical system. The first, a system which is derived by a $\gamma$-homogeneous operator ($\gamma\neq 1$).
The second, a system which can be represented as a symmetric operator.
Regarding to the first type, dynamical systems, derived by $\gamma$-homogeneous operators $\gamma\in[0,1)$, reach the steady state in finite time. This inherently contradicts the DMD model, which can be seen as an exponential data fitting algorithm. Therefore, the induced DMD operator leads to artifacts in the decomposition. We show certain cases where the DMD does not even exist. For homogeneous systems ($\gamma\neq 1$), we suggest a time rescaling that solves this conflict and show that DMD can perfectly restore the dynamics even for nonlinear flows. For dynamics which derived by a symmetric operator, we expect the eigenvalues of the DMD to be real. This requirement is embeded in a variant of the DMD algorithm, termed as Symmetric DMD (SDMD).
With these adaptations, we formulate a closed form solution of DMD for dynamics $u_t = P(u) $, $u(t=0)=u_0$, where $P$ is a nonlinear $\gamma$-homogeneous operator, when the initial condition $u_0$ admits the nonlinear eigenvalue problem $P(u_0)=\lambda u_0 $ ($u_0$ is a nonlinear eigenfunction, with respect to the operator $P$). We show experimentally that, for such systems, for any initial condition, SDMD achieves lower mean square error for the spectrum estimation. Finally, we formulate a discrete decomposition, related to nonlinear eigenfunctions of $\gamma$-homogeneous operator.
Revealing stable and unstable modes of denoisers through nonlinear eigenvalue analysis
Ester Hait-Fraenkel, Guy Gilboa, Revealing stable and unstable modes of denoisers through nonlinear eigenvalue analysis. J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent. 75: 103041 (2021)
Ester Hait-Fraenkel, Guy Gilboa, arXiv
In this paper, we propose to analyze stable and unstable modes of generic image denoisers through nonlinear eigenvalue analysis. We attempt to find input images for which the output of a black-box denoiser is proportional to the input. We treat this as a nonlinear eigenvalue problem. This has potentially wide implications, since most image processing algorithms can be viewed as generic nonlinear operators. We introduce a generalized nonlinear power-method to solve eigenproblems for such black-box operators. Using this method we reveal stable modes of nonlinear denoisers. These modes are optimal inputs for the denoiser, achieving superior PSNR in noise removal. Analogously to the linear case (low-pass-filter), such stable modes are eigenfunctions corresponding to large eigenvalues, characterized by large piece-wise-smooth structures. We also provide a method to generate the complementary, most unstable modes, which the denoiser suppresses strongly. These modes are textures with small eigenvalues. We validate the method using total-variation (TV) and demonstrate it on the EPLL denoiser (Zoran-Weiss). Finally, we suggest an encryption-decryption application.
Experts with Lower-Bounded Loss Feedback: A Unifying Framework
Eyal Gofer, Guy Gilboa, arxiv preprint
The most prominent feedback models for the best expert problem are the full information and bandit models. In this work we consider a simple feedback model that generalizes both, where on every round, in addition to a bandit feedback, the adversary provides a lower bound on the loss of each expert. Such lower bounds may be obtained in various scenarios, for instance, in stock trading or in assessing errors of certain measurement devices. For this model we prove optimal regret bounds (up to logarithmic factors) for modified versions of Exp3, generalizing algorithms and bounds both for the bandit and the full-information settings. Our second-order unified regret analysis simulates a two-step loss update and highlights three Hessian or Hessian-like expressions, which map to the full-information regret, bandit regret, and a hybrid of both. Our results intersect with those for bandits with graph-structured feedback, in that both settings can accommodate feedback from an arbitrary subset of experts on each round. However, our model also accommodates partial feedback at the single-expert level, by allowing non-trivial lower bounds on each loss.
Iterative Methods for Computing Eigenvectors of Nonlinear Operators
A chapter to appear in Handbook of Mathematical Models and Algorithms in Computer Vision and Imaging.
In this chapter we are examining several iterative methods for solving nonlinear eigenvalue problems. These arise in variational image-processing, graph partition and classification, nonlinear physics and more. The canonical eigenproblem we solve is $T(u)=\lambda u$, where $T:R^n\to R^n$ is some bounded nonlinear operator. Other variations of eigenvalue problems are also discussed. We present a progression of 5 algorithms, coauthored in recent years by the author and colleagues. Each algorithm attempts to solve a unique problem or to improve the theoretical foundations. The algorithms can be understood as nonlinear PDE’s which converge to an eigenfunction in the continuous time domain. This allows a unique view and understanding of the discrete iterative process. Finally, it is shown how to evaluate numerically the results, along with some examples and insights related to priors of nonlinear denoisers, both classical algorithms and ones based on deep networks.